Feminist Theory

 1) The first example used when explaining the male gaze was Panam, the main character of this show is called Lauren whose purpose seems to be to just be visually pleasing to men and aspired to for women. The second example was Beyoncé who represented the contradictions of post feminism culture as she claims to be an independent but objectifies herself to satisfy the male gaze.

2) Texts such as these explain how sexism has just taken another form and prejudices like these don't ever truly actually disappear. It simply just becomes less apparent too society as a whole as our viewpoints changes. Though I do believe sexism as a whole has dwindled and diminished there are still areas of improvement.

3) Male Gaze: Refers to Laura Mulvey's seminal article that argues that female actors in Hollywood films are subjected to the male gaze-where they are objectified.

Patriarchy: An ideology that places men in a dominant position over women  

Nostalgia: A longing for the past that often only remembers the positives of that time.

1) The writer suggests that gender performativity is established into a child at a young age through external influences being ingrained into us. They believe gender is a social construction so as such children are taught to align there personalities with what society believes to correlate with there gender.

2) The phrase non-binary refers to to how some people identify as either male or female. This relates to Butlers theory as non-binary people reject this gender performance and are aware of it being a social construct.

3) The media helps reinforce these gender stereotypes and relies on them for several reasons: Narrative as it makes it a whole lot easier for audiences to understand, Magazines/adverts/Sitcoms as audiences are drawn to what they recognise or chime into their idea of what reality should be like.

1) Beyoncé's music video of "Why don't you Love me" contributes to Butlers theory as she acts all according to what society once viewed as what women should have acted like. The video has her cleaning, cooking and wearing disreputable clothing throughout it which not only objectifies herself but also adheres to the male gaze. The song seems to be about Beyoncé being a subservient woman  frustrated with the fact that a man left her which represents how woman used were perceived in the past.

2) Through Van Zoonen's theory I believe they would suggest that Beyoncé's video reflects our worlds patriarchy as Beyoncé seems to just be reinforcing feminine stereotypes through her actions and lyrics. She's accepting the "dominant viewpoints" of women in the music video.

3) I believe Beyoncé definitely didn't empower women through her music video and if she was trying to this wasn't the correct way to go through with this. She only successfully increased these toxic perceptions and technically didn't make much of a statement on the topic of empowerment of women and simply just looked at the ways women have been degraded.

1) The video suggests that male stereotypes are still present in society but the music video itself attempts to challenge these stereotypes through its lyrics, "No emotions, don't talk with your hands" "I don't need to be a gangster to be a man".  He breaks down these stereotypes and why nobody needs to accept them and try to act like this just to be accepted by societies standards.

2) David Gauntlett suggests that representations of men have changed over time and that the media is trying to reflect this change. Male stereotypes like emotional silence, self reliance etc has been broken down by the new emphasis on peoples men's emotions and need for advice.

3) I believe young men are still under this pressure set by the media but similarly to female stereotypes they're pressures have been gradually mitigating. There's still a societal stereotype for men to act in such traditional ways but the media has been actively showing male struggles as well.